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Overview of the U.S. Economy > What is a Market Economy?
What is a Market Economy?
By Michael Watts
Introduction
Command and Market Economies
Consumers in a Market
Economy
Business in a Market Economy
Workers in a Market Economy
A System of Markets
Finances in a Market Economy
Government in a Market
Economy
CONSUMERS IN A MARKET ECONOMY
Consumers in both market and command economies
make many of the same kinds of decisions: they
buy food, clothing, housing, transportation,
and entertainment up to the limits of their
budgets, and wish they could afford to buy
more. But consumers play a much more important
role in the overall working of a market economy
than they do in a command economy. In fact,
market economies are sometimes described as
systems of consumer sovereignty, because the
day-to-day spending decisions by consumers
determine, to a very large extent, what goods
and services are produced in the economy. How
does that happen?
Buying Oranges and Computer Chips
Suppose a family -- Robert, Maria, and their
two children -- go shopping to buy food for
a family dinner. They may originally be planning
to buy a chicken, tomatoes, and oranges;
but their plans will be strongly influenced
by the market prices of those goods.
They may discover, for example, that the price
of oranges has increased. There are several
things that might cause those higher prices,
such as freezing weather in areas where oranges
are grown, which destroys a large part of the
crop. The effect of the freeze is to leave
the same number of consumers trying to buy
a smaller number of oranges. At the old --
lower -- price, therefore, sellers would soon
run out of oranges until the next harvest.
Instead, by raising the price, all consumers
are encouraged to cut back on the number of
oranges they buy, and producers are encouraged
to grow more oranges as fast as they can.
There is another possibility: suppliers could
choose to import a larger number of oranges
from other countries. International trade,
when it is permitted to operate with relatively
few barriers or import taxes (called tariffs),
can give consumers wider choice and allow producers
to offer more competitive prices for a wide
range of products, from oranges to automobiles.
On the other hand, the orange crop might be
spared freezing weather, but instead consumers
decide to start buying more oranges and fewer
apples. In other words, instead of the orange
supply shrinking, demand increases. This, too,
will drive up the price of oranges for a time,
at least until growers have time to bring more
oranges to market.
Whatever the reason for the higher price,
Robert and Maria will probably respond in a
predictable way once they discover that the
price is higher than they anticipated. They
may well decide to buy fewer oranges than they
had planned, or to buy apples or some other
fruit instead. Because many other consumers
make the same choices, oranges won't disappear
from store shelves entirely. But they will
be more expensive, so only the people who are
willing and able to pay more for them will
continue to buy them. Shortly, as more people
start buying apples and other fruits as substitutes
for oranges, the prices of those fruits will
rise as well.
But the response of consumers is only one
side, the demand side, of the equation that
determines the price of oranges. What happens
on the other side, the supply side? A price
increase for oranges sends out a signal to
all fruit growers -- people are paying more
for fruit -- which tells the growers it will
pay to use more resources to grow fruit now
than they did in the past. It will also pay
the fruit growers to look for new locations
for orchards where fruit isn't as likely to
be damaged by bad weather. They may also pay
biologists to look for new varieties of fruit
that are more resistant to cold weather, insects,
and various plant diseases. Over time, all
of these actions will increase the production
of fruit and bring prices back down. But this
whole process depends first and foremost on
the basic decision by consumers to spend some
part of their income on oranges and other fruits.
If consumers stop buying, or if they decide
to spend less on a product -- for whatever
reason -- prices will drop. If they buy more,
increasing demand, the price will rise.
Keep in mind that this interaction of supply,
demand, and price takes place at every level
of the economy, not just with consumer goods
sold to the public. Consumption refers to intermediate
goods as well -- to the inputs that companies
must purchase to provide their goods and services.
The cost of these intermediate, or investment,
goods will ripple throughout a market economy,
changing the supply-and-demand equations at
every level.
Let's take the example of the semiconductor
chip that is at the heart of the modern computer
revolution. As with the case of oranges, higher
prices will tend to reduce demand for computer
chips and, consequently, for computers themselves.
Over time, however, the higher price will signal
manufacturers of computer chips that it may
be profitable to increase their production,
or for new suppliers of chips to consider entering
the market. As chip prices come down, so eventually
will the cost of computers (assuming that the
cost of other inputs remains unchanged), and
demand for computers will grow.
That demand for computers will do more than
simply spur suppliers to increase their output.
It will also encourage innovation, which will
result in computer chips and computers that
are more powerful and efficient than earlier
models -- a competition of progress and price
that occurs in virtually all genuinely free
markets.
Prices and Consumer Incomes
The other economic factor that consumers must
consider carefully in making their purchases
of goods and services is their own level
of income. Most people earn their income
from the work they perform, whether as physicians,
carpenters, teachers, plumbers, assembly
line workers, or clerks in retail stores.
Some people also receive income by renting
or selling land and other natural resources
they own, as profit from a business or entrepreneurial
venture, or from interest paid on their savings
accounts or other investments.
We later describe how the prices for those
kinds of payments are determined; but the important
points here are that: 1) in a market economy
the basic resources used to make the goods
and services that satisfy consumer demands
are owned by private consumers and households;
and 2) the payments, or incomes, that households
receive for these productive resources rise
and fall -- and that fluctuation has a direct
influence on the amount consumers are willing
to spend for the goods and services they want
and, in turn, on the output levels of the firms
that sell those products.
Consider, for example, a worker who has just
retired, and as a result earns only about 60
percent of what she did while she was working.
She will cut back on her purchases of many
goods and services, especially those that were
related to her job, such as transportation
to and from work, and work clothes -- but may
increase spending on a few other kinds of products,
such as books and recreational goods that require
more leisure time to use, perhaps including
travel to see new places and old friends.
If, as in many countries today, there are
rapidly growing numbers of people reaching
retirement age, those changing spending patterns
will affect the overall market prices and output
levels for these products and for many others
that retirees tend to use more than most people,
such as health care services. In response,
some businesses will decide to make more products
and services geared toward the particular interests
and concerns of retirees -- as long as it is
profitable for firms to produce them.
To summarize: whether consumers are young
or old, male or female, rich, poor, or middle
class, every dollar, peso, pound, franc, rupee,
mark, or yen they spend is a signal -- a kind
of economic vote telling producers what goods
and services they want to see produced.
Consumer spending represents the basic source
of demand for products sold in the marketplace,
which is half of what determines the market
prices for goods and services. The other half
is based on decisions businesses make about
what to produce and how to produce it.