U.S.
ECONOMY > An
Overview of the U.S. Economy > What is a Market Economy?
What is a Market Economy?
By Michael Watts
Introduction
Command and Market Economies
Consumers in a Market
Economy
Business in a Market Economy
Workers in a Market Economy
A System of Markets
Finances in a Market Economy
Government in a Market
Economy
COMMAND AND MARKET ECONOMIES
Products such as bread, meat, clothing, refrigerators,
and houses are produced and sold in virtually
every country of the world today. The production
methods and resources used to make these products
are often very similar in different countries
-- bread, for example, is made by bakers using
flour and water, often with salt, sugar, and
yeast added, then baked in ovens. Once the
bread has been baked, the loaves are sold to
consumers in stores that, at least superficially,
can look very much alike, even in countries
with very different kinds of economic systems.
Command Decisions About Clothing
Despite those apparent similarities, if we
compare such market economies as those of
North America, Western Europe, and Japan
to the command economies found in the former
Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and parts of
Asia over the past half century, the processes
used to determine what products to make,
how to make them, what prices to charge for
them, and who will consume them are starkly
different. To see those differences more
clearly, consider how production and sales
decisions are made in the two kinds of systems
for a specific kind of product, say shirts
and blouses.
In command economies, government committees
of economic planners, production experts, and
political officials establish production levels
for these goods and designate which factories
will produce them. The central planning committees
also establish the prices for the shirts and
blouses, as well as the wages for the workers
who make them. It is this set of central decisions
that determines the quantity, variety, and
prices of clothing and other products.
Predictably, the products from this limited
number of choices sell out quickly, disappearing
from store shelves. Why? Because factories
failed to meet their production quotas, perhaps,
or because the central planning group underestimated
how many shirts people want to buy at the prices
they set. In either case, unless the planners
take steps to increase production, raise prices,
or both, the shortages will continue.
As the number of people living in the command
economies increases, along with the number
and sophistication of new products, it becomes
harder and harder for central planners to avoid
or eliminate shortages of the many things consumers
want -- or surpluses of the products they don't.
With more products, more people, and rapidly
changing production technologies, the central
planners face an explosion in the number of
decisions they have to make, and in the number
of places and ways where something could go
wrong in their overall plan for the national
economy.
This phenomenon doesn't happen in the market
economies, because that kind of economic system
works in a very different way. To begin with,
no government ministry decides how many shirts
or blouses to manufacture, or what styles and
colors. Anyone -- individual or company --
can decide to produce and sell shirts and blouses
in a market economy, and many will do just
that if they believe they can sell these products
at prices high enough to cover their production
costs -- and earn more making such clothing
than they can doing something else. This leads
to direct competition between different firms
making and selling these products, and that
competition is one of the basic reasons why
there are generally so many different styles,
fabrics, and brands of clothing for consumers
to choose from in market economies.
Of course, if consumers decide to buy just
one kind of shirt and blouse month after month
and year after year, producers would soon learn
that there was no reason to produce any other
kind. But that simply hasn't happened where
people are allowed to choose from a wide selection
of clothing products.
The Price of Shirts
Another key point about market economies is
that the prices for shirts, blouses, and
other products sold in stores aren't set
by a government planning committee. Instead,
every seller is free to raise or lower prices
according to changing market conditions.
For example, if one kind of shirt becomes
very popular for a time, and stores are worried
about running out until they can get more,
the price of such shirts will usually rise,
at least until new shipments arrive. This
price increase accomplishes two things at
the same time: first, by making this kind
of shirt more expensive compared to other
shirts and products, some consumers will
choose to buy fewer of them and more of other
items. Second, because the higher price goes
directly to those who produce and sell the
shirts -- not the government -- the higher
price increases the profits of firms that
make and sell this shirt, enabling them to
produce and sell more units. Firms that make
other products also see those higher profits
going to the shirt producers, which leads
some firms to stop making something else
and start making those popular shirts.
For all of these reasons -- consumers buying
fewer shirts, current shirtmakers producing
more shirts, and other firms deciding to begin
making shirts -- any shortage will soon be
eliminated. Notice that it doesn't take a central
planning committee to make any of these decisions.
In fact, the process happens faster, and in
some sense automatically, precisely because
consumer and producer decisions are decentralized.
Markets
The higher prices for shirts give every consumer
and producer incentives to respond this way,
because they are allowed to reap the benefits
of their own decisions, while also bearing
the associated costs and risks. For example,
consumers willing to pay the higher prices
can still get the most popular shirts, but
they have to give up more money (and therefore
other goods and services) to do so. On the
production side of the market, firms making
shirts that are popular with consumers can
sell them at competitive prices and earn
profits. But producers who make unwanted
products, or operate inefficiently and pay
too much to make their products, will incur
losses. Eventually, they must either learn
to produce and compete efficiently -- making
products consumers want at competitive prices
-- or they will go out of business, and someone
else will take over their factories, machines,
and other resources. In a nutshell, that's
how economic incentives work in a market
economy.
The same basic process operates in many different
kinds of markets -- literally wherever any
kind of price is free to rise and fall, including
prices for the work people do, for the food
they eat, and for the money they save in or
borrow from banks.
Market economies provide no magic solutions,
however, and government plays a critical role
in helping correct problems that can't be fully
solved by a system of private markets. Moreover,
market economies are by no means immune to
pressing public policy issues in today's global
economy -- issues such as inflation, unemployment,
pollution, poverty, and barriers to international
trade. Nevertheless, in comparison to the chronic
shortages and inherent inefficiencies of command
economies, a free-market economic system offers
greater opportunities for economic growth,
technological progress, and prosperity.