*EPF225 05/13/2003
Text: Polio Program Narrows Focus to Eradicate Disease
(Vaccine programs will target 13 countries where disease is high risk) (1520)

The Global Polio Eradication Initiative announced May 13 that it will target its efforts to defeat the disease where they are most needed -- in the seven remaining nations where most of the world's diseases occur, and in six other nations where health officials speculate that the crippling condition could reappear.

Just three countries -- Pakistan, India and Nigeria -- suffer 99 percent of all the world's cases, according to a news release issued by the initiative, which is made up of the private service organization Rotary International and U.S. and international agencies. Egypt, Afghanistan, Niger and Somalia are the other nations rounding out the seven that will be targets for inoculation programs. Angola, Bangladesh, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Nepal and Sudan are the other nations of concern where health officials believe polio could still be reintroduced.

Throughout the remainder of 2003 and in 2004, inoculation programs will be targeted in these 13 countries, the release says, with the goal of eradicating the disease. In doing so, almost 300 million additional doses of vaccine will be targeted toward the at-risk countries.

Following is the text of the press release:

(begin text)

World Health Organization
May 13, 2003

Changing Epidemiology of Polio Prompts Tactical Shift in World's Largest Public Health Initiative

Supplementary Polio immunization to be narrowed to key countries

BRUSSELS/GENEVA/TOKYO/WASHINGTON DC -- The Global Polio Eradication Initiative announced today that leading experts deem an unprecedented tactical shift essential in the campaign to free the world of polio. Immunization campaigns will be revised in 93 countries where polio transmission has already been stopped in order to commit more resources to the remaining seven polio-endemic countries, and six countries considered at high risk of reinfection.

The shift comes in response to the changing epidemiology of the disease, with polio more geographically contained than ever. Only seven countries remain endemic: India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Egypt, Afghanistan, Niger, and Somalia (listed from highest to lowest burden of disease). Virtually all the world's polio cases (99 per cent) are concentrated in just three countries: India, Nigeria and Pakistan.

Throughout the remainder of 2003 and during 2004, the eradication campaigns will focus only on the seven endemic countries, along with six other countries considered at high risk of polio reinfection - Angola, Bangladesh, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Nepal, and the Sudan. In 2003, there will be 51 polio immunization campaigns in the 13 target countries. Additional campaigns will only be conducted as an emergency response to importations. By comparison, 93 countries held 266 campaigns in 2002. This shift in tactics will accelerate the accomplishment of global eradication by focusing on the endemic areas while protecting the substantial investments that have been made in these areas which are now polio-free.

The shift was announced by the core partners of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, spearheaded by the World Health Organization (WHO), Rotary International, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF).

The new tactic will shift 297 million additional doses of oral polio vaccine into the tightened geographic target zone, along with US$ 35 million in additional resources in 2003.

"Until we stop transmission of the poliovirus in the seven remaining infected countries, children everywhere will remain at risk of contracting this disease," said Dr Gro Harlem Brundtland, Director-General of WHO. "Concentrating our resources on these strategic countries is crucial to root out and extinguish the remaining reservoirs of wild poliovirus."

The tactical shift was finalized and adopted on 12 May 2003 by the Technical Consultative Group on the Global Eradication of Poliomyelitis (TCG), following its deliberations on 24-25 April in Geneva. This independent, technical body meets annually to provide strategic oversight to the Global Polio Eradication Initiative.

Even within the endemic countries, polio has been restricted to highly concentrated areas. In India, for example, the disease is contained primarily to areas of the north, but these pockets of disease have proven to be extremely dangerous. Following a cut-back in the number of polio immunization campaigns in India last year, the pockets of transmission in northern India caused the largest outbreak in recent history, a six-fold increase in new cases, and the re-establishment of transmission in previously polio-free parts of the country. "The disease can be imported into countries that are polio-free by persons infected in polio-endemic countries," said Dr Walter Orenstein, Director, National Immunization Program, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and chairman of the global TCG. Dr Orenstein noted that genetic sequencing confirmed that a recent case of polio in Lebanon had been imported from India. "That is why stopping transmission in the reservoir countries and intensifying surveillance in non-endemic countries is so critical. This focused approach is precisely the type of action needed to stop polio once and for all."

Protecting the investment that has been made by the international community and particularly polio-free areas will require even stronger surveillance, combined with a global emergency response capacity.

"Basically we're tightening the noose," said Carol Bellamy, Executive Director of UNICEF. "Unfortunately, the funding needed to finish the job is extremely tight, too." Ms Bellamy said that at the end of 2002, an additional US$ 275 million were needed to finish the job by 2005, with US$ 33 million urgently required for 2003 alone. "We need that money to make sure this new tactic is fully implemented, and we need it now," Ms Bellamy emphasized.

To help narrow the funding gap through 2005, Rotary International launched a second major global fundraising drive among its membership, aiming to raise US$ 80 million by June 2003, for activities over the next three years. This is in addition to the US$ 500 million and countless volunteer hours Rotary members have committed to polio eradication since 1985. "The past successes of this initiative have been led by a unique sense of hope," said Bill Sergeant, Rotary International. "The future successes will be led by the positive partnerships that have been forged since the initiative began."

If successful, polio will be the first disease to be eradicated in the 21st century, and only the second after smallpox in 1979. Public health experts point to the dire circumstances if the eradication initiative falters now. Failure to eradicate polio would result in the resources invested being wasted, including over US$ 2 billion and the work of 20 million volunteers worldwide, international confidence in future global public health initiatives being compromised, and the number of annual polio cases drastically increasing. Further information about the Global Polio Eradication Initiative: The Global Polio Eradication Initiative is spearheaded by WHO, Rotary International, CDC and UNICEF.

There are now 209 countries, territories and areas free of polio. Since 1988, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative has succeeded in reducing the number of polio cases from an annual 350 000 in more than 125 countries, to just 1919 in 2002, in seven countries, representing a more than 99 per cent reduction in annual polio cases. The seven remaining polio endemic countries are (from highest to lowest burden of disease): India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Egypt, Afghanistan, Niger, and Somalia. It is the lowest number of polio endemic countries in history.

One of the primary strategies behind the Initiative's success is the organization of mass immunization campaigns, known as national immunization days (NIDs). Thousands of volunteers and health workers systematically fan out across a country to find and immunize every child under the age of five years against polio. Typically, such campaigns last between one and eight days and supplement routine immunization activities of a country. In 2002 alone, more than 500 million children were immunized during 266 immunization campaigns in 93 countries.

Poliomyelitis is a highly infectious disease caused by a virus that mainly affects children under five years of age. It invades the nervous system and can lead to paralysis within five days of infection. The virus enters the body through the mouth and multiplies in the intestine. Initial symptoms are fever, fatigue, headache, vomiting, stiffness in the neck and pain in the limbs. One in 200 infections leads to irreversible paralysis (usually in the legs).

Amongst those paralysed, 5-10% die when their breathing muscles become immobilized. There is no cure for polio; it can only be prevented. Polio vaccine, given multiple times, can protect a child for life.

The polio eradication coalition includes governments of countries affected by polio; private foundations (e.g. United Nations Foundation, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation); development banks (e.g. The World Bank); donor governments (e.g. Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, the United States of America and the United Kingdom); the European Commission; humanitarian and nongovernmental organizations (e.g. the International Red Cross and Red Crescent societies) and corporate partners (e.g. Aventis Pasteur, De Beers). Volunteers in developing countries also play a key role; 20 million have participated in mass immunization campaigns.

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(Distributed by the Bureau of International Information Programs, U.S. Department of State. Web site: http://usinfo.state.gov)

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