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Secretary COLIN POWELL
Government policy experience: 35 years in the U.S. Army, rising to rank of general and
chairman of the Joint Chiefs (1989-1993); national security adviser during the Reagan
Administration.
Other work experience: Following his retirement, Powell wrote a best-selling
autobiography and launched a career as a public speaker, addressing audiences across the
United States and overseas. In April 1997 he chaired the President's Summit for America's
Future, subsequently becoming chairman of America's Promise -- the Alliance for Youth, the
national nonprofit group aimed at improving the lives of the nation's young people that grew out
of the summit's deliberations.
Education: B.S. in Geology, City College of New York; M.B.A., George Washington
University.
President Bush on Powell: "Today America calls on Colin Powell again. He is a leader
who understands that America must work closely with our friends in times of calm if we want
them to be -- if we want to be able to call upon them in times of crisis."
President Bush on Powell: "I know of no better person to be the face and voice of
American diplomacy than Colin L. Powell. Wherever he goes, and whomever he meets, the
world will see the finest of the United States of America. In this office, he follows in the
footsteps not only of Jefferson, but also of one of his personal heroes, General George C.
Marshall. And I would say of General Powell what Harry Truman said of General Marshall. He
is a tower of strength and common sense. When you find somebody like that, you have to
hang on to them. I have found such a man."
Powell on China: "A strategic partner China is not, but neither is China our inevitable
and implacable foe. China is a competitor, a potential regional rival, but also a trading partner
willing to cooperate in areas where our strategic interests overlap.
"China is all of these things, but China is not an enemy, and our challenge is to keep it that way
by enmeshing them in the rule of law, by exposing them to the powerful forces of a free
enterprise system in democracy, so they can see that this is the proper direction in which to
move."
Powell on Russia: "Our relations with Russia must not be dictated by any fear on our
part. For example, if we believe the enlargement of NATO should continue, for example, and
we do believe that, we should not fear that Russia will object. We will do it because it is in our
interest and because freedom-loving people wish to be part of NATO. Instead, we should deal
with Russia's objections and find a way to address them. NATO is not aimed at Russia; NATO
is aimed at the peace of Europe, and Russia is European after all."
Powell on sanctions: "All certifications and sanctions regimes have a noble purpose
from their origin -- that's why we have them; they're trying to change behavior and change
behavior in the right way. But there are occasions where it becomes self-defeating and where it
shows a degree of American hubris and arrogance that may not, at the end of the day, serve
our interest all that well, particularly when we end up waiving it all the time. It becomes a little
hypocritical, to be frank."
Powell on diplomacy: "We will work with those nations in the world that are
transforming themselves, nations such as China and Russia. We will work with them not as
potential enemies and not as adversaries, but not yet as strategic partners, but as nations that
are seeking their way. We will have areas of agreement and areas of difference, and we will
discuss them in rational ways, letting them know of our values, letting them know of the
principles that we hold dear.
"For those nations that are not yet on this path of democracy and freedom, for those nations
who are poorly led, led by failed leaders pursuing failed policies that will give them failed results,
we will stand strong. We will stand strong with our friends and allies against those nations that
pursue weapons of mass destruction, that practice terrorism. We will not be afraid of them, we
will not be frightened by them. We will meet them, we will match them, we will contend with
them. We will defend our interests from a position of strength."
Background: Powell, 63, has signaled that the Bush administration will pursue
deployment of a national missile defense program -- an issue that has been highly contentious,
both at home and abroad. President Clinton left a final decision on whether to deploy such a
system to his successor. Powell has acknowledged the issue may require "tough" negotiations
with allies and other nations that "don't yet understand our thinking with respect to national
missile defense."
Regarding the continued presence of U.S. peacekeeping troops in the Balkans, Powell has
echoed views expressed by Bush during the presidential campaign, saying that U.S. forces are
"stretched rather thin" and that he would seek to make troop deployments in Kosovo and
Bosnia "less of a burden." But he also promises that careful study, assessment and
consultations would precede any action.
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Deputy Secretary
President Bush February 12 announced his intention to nominate Richard Lee Armitage to be Deputy Secretary of State. He was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on March 23. Armitage is currently the President of Armitage Associates. In the past he has served with the rank of Ambassador as the Coordinator for Technical and Humanitarian Assistance to the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union. President George H.W. Bush appointed him as a Presidential Special Negotiator for the Philippines Military Base Agreement, a Special Mediator for Water in the Middle East and as a Special Emissary to Jordan during the 1991 Gulf War. Previously he served in the Pentagon as Assistant Secretary of Defense and Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense. He has received the Department of Defense Distinguished Service Medal four times, the Presidential Citizen's Award, the Department of State Distinguished Honor Award and the Department of Defense Medal for Outstanding Public Service. Armitage attended the U.S. Naval Academy and then completed four tours of duty in Vietnam. He is now a resident of Vienna, Virginia.
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Under Secretary for Political Affairs
The U.S. Senate March 23 confirmed President Bush's nomination of Ambassador Marc Grossman for the position of Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs
Ambassador Grossman has been a career Foreign Service Officer since 1976, and served most recently as the Director General of the Foreign Service and Director of Human Resources at the Department of State. He served as Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs from 1997-2000 and as Ambassador to Turkey from 1994-1997.
Ambassador Grossman has received a variety of awards of distinction during his service at the State Department. He is a native of Los Angeles, California, and received his B.A. from the University of California at Santa Barbara and an M.S. from the London School of Economics. He is married with one child.
Under Secretary for Arms Control
John R. Bolton was sworn in as Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security on May 11, 2001. Prior to his appointment, Mr. Bolton was Senior Vice President of the American Enterprise Institute (AEI). AEI is a nonprofit public policy center dedicated to preserving and strengthening the foundations of freedom through research education, and open debate. Mr. Bolton has spent many years of his career in public service. Previous positions he has held are Assistant Secretary for International Organization Affairs at the Department of State, 1989-1993; Assistant Attorney General, Department of Justice, 1985-1989; Assistant Administrator for Program and Policy Coordination, U.S. Agency for International Development, 1982-1983; General Counsel, U.S. Agency for International Development, 1981-1982. Mr. Bolton is also an attorney. From 1983 through 1999, he was a partner in the law firm of Lerner, Reed, Bolton & McManus. From 1974-1981 he was an associate at the Washington office of Covington & Burling, where he returned as a member of the firm from 1983-1985, after public service at the U.S. Agency for International Development. Under Secretary Bolton was born in Baltimore on November 20, 1948. He graduated with a B.A., summa cum laude, from Yale University and received his J.D. from Yale Law School. He is married to the former Gretchen Brainerd; they have one daughter Jennifer Sarah.
Coordinator for Counterterrorism
Francis X. Taylor was sworn in as the State Department Coordinator for Counterterrorism with the rank of Ambassador at Large on July 13, 2001. The State Department is the lead federal agency dealing with international terrorism, and Ambassador Taylor's office has primary responsibility for developing, coordinating, and implementing U.S. counterterrorism policy. During his 31 years of military service, Ambassador Taylor served with distinction in numerous command and staff positions, rising to the rank of Brigadier General in September 1996. Prior to his State Department appointment, Ambassador Taylor headed the Air Force Office of Special Investigations, where he was responsible for providing commanders of all Air Force activities independent professional investigative services in fraud, counterintelligence, and major criminal matters. From August 1995 to July 1996, Ambassador Taylor was Director of Special Investigations in the Office of the Secretary of the Air Force Inspector General. He served as Director of Mission Guidance in the Office of Special Investigations at Bolling Air Force Base from August 1994 to August 1995. From July 1990 to July 1994, he led two Air Force Offices of Special Investigations both at higher headquarters and overseas bases, and from July 1988 to July 1990, he was Deputy Commander of 487th Combat Support Group. He retired from active duty on July 1, 2001. Ambassador Taylor has received numerous awards and decorations, including the Distinguished Service Medal, the National Intelligence Distinguished Service Medal, the Defense Superior Service Medal, and the Legion of Merit. He received his commission in 1970 through the University of Notre Dame ROTC program, where he was honored as a distinguished graduate. He also has a Masters Degree in Government and International Studies from the University of Notre Dame.
Assistant Secretary for
Lincoln P. Bloomfield was sworn in June 18 as Assistant Secretary of State for Political Military Affairs.
Bloomfield was a Partner at Armitage Associates in Arlington, Virginia. He has served in a variety of positions within the federal government including Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs from 1992-1993, and as Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs from 1988-1989. He was awarded the Secretary of Defense Medal for Outstanding Public Service, the Secretary of Defense Medal for Meritorious Civilian Service and the State Department Superior Honor Award.
He is a graduate of Harvard University and received his Master's degree from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tuft's University.
Assistant Secretary for
Avis T. Bohlen was sworn in on November 24, 1999 as Assistant Secretary for the Bureau of Arms Control.
Ms. Bohlen is a career Foreign Service officer. She served most recently as Ambassador to Bulgaria (1996-1999) and before that, as Deputy Chief of Mission at the U.S. Embassy in Paris (1991-1995). Since entering the Foreign Service in 1977, she has had several assignments in the Bureau of European Affairs including Deputy Assistant Secretary from 1989 to 1991. She has also served on the Policy Planning Staff and as Executive Director on the U.S. Delegation for Nuclear and Space Talks in Geneva.
Ms. Bohlen has a B.A. degree from Radcliffe College (1961) and an M.A. from Columbia University (1965). She received the President's Distinguished Service Award in 1991. She is married to Professor David Calleo, who teaches at the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies.
Assistant Secretary for
John Wolf, a member of the Senior Foreign Service, was sworn in as Assistant Secretary for Nonproliferation on October 2, 2001. Prior to this appointment, Mr. Wolf served from 1999-2000 as Special Adviser to the President and Secretary of State for Caspian Basin Energy Diplomacy.
Mr. Wolf, who joined the Foreign Service in 1970, has served in Australia, Vietnam, Greece, and Pakistan as well as in Washington. He was Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs from 1989-1992. He served as Ambassador to Malaysia from 1992-1995. He was designated as APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) Coordinator in January, 1996, and confirmed as Ambassador to APEC in February, 1997.
Mr. Wolf graduated from Dartmouth College (B.A. 1970) and was a Mid-career Fellow at the Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University (1978-79). Mr. Wolf won the President's Meritorious Service Award in 1992, and in 1993, the Department of State's Charles E. Cobb, Jr. Award for Initiative and Success in Trade Development. In 1996, he received the annual APCAC Award from the Asia Pacific Council of American Chambers of Commerce. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He is married and has two children.
Assistant Secretary for
Owen Sheaks of Reston, Virginia, President Bush's choice to be Assistant Secretary of State for Verification and Compliance, began his career with the
Nuclear Regulatory Commission in 1968. In 1969, he joined the faculty
of the Nuclear Engineering Program in the Chemical Engineering
Department of the University of Maryland, and became a tenured
Associate Professor.
He came to the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament
Agency (ACDA) in 1978 and served in three of ACDA's four Bureaus: as
the Division Chief for the Nuclear Energy Division in the Bureau of
Nonproliferation; as the Division Chief for the Science and Technology
Policy Division in the Bureau of Multilateral Affairs and as Acting
Deputy Assistant Director for that Bureau; and as the Division Chief
of the Verification Division of the Verification and Intelligence
Bureau.
During his last four years with ACDA, Dr. Sheaks served as the
Acting Assistant Director/Deputy Assistant Director for the Bureau of
Intelligence, Verification and Information Management and as the
Agency's Chief Information Officer. Presently, he serves as the
Special Advisor to the Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and
International Security Affairs.
Dr. Sheaks received his B.S. and Ph.D. degrees in nuclear engineering
from North Carolina State University.
The Assistant Secretary of State for Verification and Compliance is
responsible within the Department of State for the overall supervision
(including oversight of both policy and resources) of all matters
relating to verification and compliance with international arms
control, nonproliferation, and disarmament agreements and commitments.
The Assistant Secretary will advise the Secretary and the Under
Secretary for Arms Control and International Security/Senior Advisor
to the President on appropriate uses of the "Key Verification Assets
Fund."
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