The Making of U.S. Foreign Policy --
BIOGRAPHIES OF THE AUTHORS
(We have linked the reader directly to biographical home pages when such exist.)
Audrae Erickson serves as a director of governmental relations for the Washington Office of the American Farm Bureau Federation. Erickson specializes in agricultural trade issues, including trade policy, negotiations, dispute settlement, trade negotiating authority for the president, sanctions, World Trade Organization matters, the International Monetary Fund and the Free Trade Area of the Americas.
Prior to coming to AFBF, Erickson served as director for agricultural affairs at the United States Trade Representative's Office, the agency responsible for U.S. trade policy in the Executive Office of the president. In that capacity, Erickson coordinated trade policy issues concerning sanitary and phytosanitary matters, biotechnology, horticultural and specialty crops, the Committee on Agriculture in the World Trade Organization, and agricultural issues in the Free Trade Area of the Americas.
Prior to working for USTR, Erickson served as an economist at the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Economic Research Service where she specialized in trade and environment issues. She also worked on agricultural finance and credit issues during her tenure at ERS.
Erickson is a graduate of McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, where she was a Rotary scholar and earned a master of arts degree in economics. She completed bachelor of arts degrees in economics/business and French at Linfield College in McMinnville, Oregon. Erickson resides in Kensington, Maryland, with her husband, Peter, and son, Ryan.
Director, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars January 1999 - present
Director, The Center on Congress at Indiana University January 1999 - present
Member, U.S. Congress January 1965 - January 1999
Chairman, Ranking Member, and Member, Committee on International Relations
Chairman, Vice Chairman, and Member, Joint Economic Committee
Chairman and Member, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence
Chairman, Joint Committee on the Organization of Congress
Chairman, October Surprise Task Force
Chairman, Select Committee to Investigate Covert Arms Transactions with Iran
Member, House Standards of Official Conduct Committee
Honors
Daughters of the American Revolution Medal of Honor, 1999
American Task Force for Lebanon Philip C. Habib Award for Distinguished Public Service, 1999
Knight Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, 1999
Indiana Humanities Council Lifetime Achievement Award, 1999
Human Endeavor Award for Service to Rural Indiana, Hoosier Energy, Inc., 1999
Paul H. Nitze Award for Distinguished Authority on National Security Affairs, 1999
National Rural Electric Cooperative Association Distinguished Service Award, 1999
Indiana University Southeast Chancellor's Medallion, 1999
U.S. Association of Former Members of Congress Statesmanship Award, 1999
Delphi International 1999 International Cooperation Award, 1999
Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service, 1998
The American Academy of Diplomacy, 1998
International Research & Exchange Board Distinguished Career Award, 1998
American Political Science Association Hubert H. Humphrey Award, 1998
Jefferson/Clark Counties NAACP Heritage Award, 1998
American Bar Association CEELI Award, 1998
Bread for the World Seeds of Hope Award, 1998
Center for Civic Education Civitas Award, 1998
DePauw University Old Gold Medal, 1998
Columbus Human Rights Commission William R. Laws Human Rights Award, 1998
Indiana Chamber of Commerce Government Leader of the Year Award, 1997
Center for National Policy Edmund S. Muskie Distinguished Public Service Award, 1997
American Political Science Association Outstanding Legislator Award, 1997
American Shooting Sports Council Firearms Freedom Award, 1997
Indiana University President's Medal for Excellence, 1996
Republic of Greece Insignia of the Decoration of the Commander of the Order of Phoenix, 1995
Asia-Pacific Council of American Chambers of Commerce Award, 1995
American Business Council of the Gulf Countries Patriot of the Expatriates Award, 1995
Baha'i Humanitarian Award, 1995
Alfalfa Club Member, 1995
Indiana University Institute for Advanced Study Distinguished Citizen Fellow, 1994
Georgetown University Chair for Distinguished Service, 1991
Indiana University School of Law Academy of Alumni Fellows, 1990
Center for the Study of the Presidency Public Service Medal, 1990
American Farm Bureau Federation Golden Plow Award, 1989
Federation of German-American Clubs' General Lucius D. Clay Award, 1989
Indiana Academy Member, 1989
Midwest Universities Consortium for International Activities 25th Anniversary Award, 1989
Central Intelligence Agency Medallion, 1988
Defense Intelligence Agency Medallion, 1987
DePauw University McNaughton Medal for Public Service, 1987
Indiana Trial Lawyers Association Freedom Award, 1987
Indiana Bar Association Distinguished Speaker, 1987
Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, 1985
Knight of the French Legion of Honor, 1984
Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame, 1982
Honorary Degrees from DePauw University, Hanover College, Detroit College of Law, Ball State University, University of Southern, Indiana, Wabash College, Union College, Marian College, American University, Indiana University, Suffolk University, Indiana State University, Anderson University, Franklin College
Memberships, Boards and Councils
American Museum of Foreign Affairs - Council Member
Brookings Institution - Board Member
Council for Excellence in Government - Board Member
Drug Strategies - Board Member
German Marshall Fund of the United States - National Advisory Committee of American Marshall Memorial Fellowship Program
Global Green USA - Board Member
Goals for Americans Foundation - Board Member
International Center for Religion and Diplomacy - Member of Board of Advisors
The Internews Channel - Member of Board of Advisors
National Committee on US-China Relations - Member
National Endowment for Democracy - Board Member
United Nations Association of the United States of America - Board Member
United States Association of Former Members of Congress - Board Member
Commissions and Panels
Atlantic Fleet Weapons Training Facility on Vieques Puerto Rico
Council on Foreign Relations Independent Task Force on US-Cuban Relations in the 21st Century
Director of Central Intelligence's Economic Intelligence Advisory Panel
Emergency Coalition for US Financial Support of the United Nations Leadership
Council
Ford Foundation's National Selection Committee
Future International Financial Architecture Task Force
Secretary of Defense's National Security Study Group
Task Force on Strengthening Palestinian Public Institutions
Task Force on The Future of International Financial Architecture
Education
Central High School, Evansville, Indiana, graduated 1948
Trester Award Winner, 1948
DePauw University, B.A., 1948 - 1952
Honor Graduate, Outstanding Senior
Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany, 1952 - 1953
Indiana University School of Law, J.D., 1953 - 1956
Personal Data
Born April 20, 1931
Wife: Nancy Ann Nelson
Children: Tracy Lynn Souza, Deborah Hamilton Kremer, and Douglas Nelson Hamilton
Grandchildren: Christina, Maria, McLouis, and Patricia Souza
From July 1993 to January 1998, he served as U.S. Ambassador to NATO, and also represented the U.S. to the Western European Union. He was a principal architect of the "New NATO" and a key leader on the North Atlantic Council in implementing decisions of the 1994 and 1997 NATO Summits. These include NATO enlargement, NATO-Russia and NATO-Ukraine relations, NATO-WEU relations, NATO's internal restructuring, and the Partnership for Peace (PfP) -- of which he is co-author. Ambassador Hunter led the Council in obtaining decisions for nine air-strikes on Bosnia, and secured NATO approval for both the Implementation Force (IFOR) and the Stabilization Force (SFOR). He was twice recipient of the Pentagon's highest civilian decoration, the Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service, from Secretaries Perry and Cohen.
Prior to his appointment to NATO, Ambassador Hunter was Vice President for International Politics and Director of European Studies at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, D.C. During 1981-93, he also served (1983-84) as Special Adviser on Lebanon to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and Lead Consultant to the National Bipartisan Commission on Central America (the Kissinger Commission). He was co-founder of the Center for National Policy and an organizer of the National Endowment for Democracy. In the 1992 presidential campaign, he was a Senior Foreign Policy Adviser to Governor Bill Clinton, and he performed a similar role for Vice President Walter Mondale (1981-84) and Majority Leader Richard Gephardt (1988).
Throughout the Carter Administration, Ambassador Hunter served on the National Security Council staff, as Director of West European Affairs (1977-79) and then as Director of Middle East Affairs (1979-81). He was also a member of the U.S. negotiating team for talks on the West Bank and Gaza, directed the 1978 NATO Summit, and was a principal author of the Carter Doctrine for the Persian Gulf. Earlier, he was Foreign Policy Adviser to Senator Edward M. Kennedy (1973-77), Senior Fellow at the Overseas Development Council (1970-73), Research Associate at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London (1967, 1968-69), and foreign and domestic policy adviser to Vice President Hubert Humphrey. He served on the White House staff (health, education, welfare, labor) in the Johnson Administration (1964-65) and in the Navy Department on the Polaris Project.
Ambassador Hunter was educated at Wesleyan University (BA - 1962, Phi Beta Kappa) and the London School of Economics (PhD in International Relations - 1969, Fulbright Scholar). He has taught at the LSE (1966-69), Georgetown University, Johns Hopkins SAIS, and Washington College (Louis L. Goldstein Chair in Public Policy - 1989). He has served on the boards of the Atlantic Council, Wesleyan University (currently emeritus), the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs, the Atlantic Club of Bulgaria, and the National Association for the Southern Poor.
Among his many publications (more than 700), Ambassador Hunter is author of Security in Europe, Presidential Control of Foreign Policy, NATO: The Next Generation (editor), Grand Strategy for the West (co-editor), The Soviet Dilemma in the Middle East, and Organizing for National Security. He has also written for Foreign Policy, Foreign Affairs, The Washington Quarterly, and many other journals; plus chapters in books and op-ed articles in The Los Angeles Times, The New York Times, The Washington Post, and many other newspapers (425 articles from 1981-93). He has played a national policy role in eight U.S. presidential election campaigns and been a leading speech writer for U.S. Presidents and others for 30 years.
Richard H. Solomon has been president of the U.S. Institute of Peace since September 1993. As assistant secretary of state for East Asian and Pacific affairs from 1989 to 1992, he negotiated the first UN "Permanent Five" peacemaking agreement for Cambodia, had a leading role in the dialogue on nuclear issues among the United States and South and North Korea, helped establish the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) initiative, and led U.S. negotiations with Japan, Mongolia, and Vietnam on important bilateral matters. During 1992-93, Solomon served as U.S. ambassador to the Philippines. In that capacity, he coordinated the closure of the U.S. naval bases and developed a new framework for bilateral and regional security cooperation. Solomon previously served as director of policy planning at the Department of State (1986-89) and senior staff member of the National Security Council (1971-76), where he was involved in the process of normalizing relations with the People's Republic of China. From 1976 to 1986, he was head of the social science department at the RAND Corporation. In 1995, Solomon was awarded the State Department's Foreign Affairs Award for Public Service, and he has received awards for policy initiatives from the governments of Korea and Thailand and from Cambodians in the United States. He holds a Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Warren P. Strobel is a senior editor at U.S. News & World Report, responsible for covering national security and intelligence. He joined the magazine in October 1998.
For three years before that, Mr. Strobel was White House correspondent for The Washington Times, covering the Clinton White House and traveling extensively with the president domestically and abroad. From September 1994 through September 1995, Mr. Strobel was a Jennings Randolph Peace Fellow at the Washington, D.C.-based United States Institute of Peace. At the Institute, he conducted research for a book on how the U.S. news media report on modern peace operations and the media's effect on American foreign policy and public opinion. The book, Late-Breaking Foreign Policy, was published in June 1997. An article based on his research appears in the May 1996 issue of the American Journalism Review. Mr. Strobel also has been a co-investigator on an Institute grant to study how the Internet has been used as a new tool by those seeking nonviolent change in Burma. The resulting paper, "Networking Dissent," has been highly acclaimed.
Prior to being selected as a fellow, Mr. Strobel spent nine years with The Washington Times. From June 1989 until August 1994, he was the Times' chief State Department correspondent, covering the department and American foreign policy under Secretaries of State James Baker, Lawrence Eagleburger and Warren Christopher. In this post and his others, he has reported from more than 70 countries and been on assignment to Iraq, Germany, the former Soviet Union, Israel and the West Bank, Vietnam and at the United Nations.
From 1986 until 1989, Mr. Strobel was national security correspondent, reporting in depth on the U.S.-Soviet arms control negotiations, the Reagan administration's Strategic Defense Initiative, and both military and civilian space programs in the United States, Russia and Europe. In 1989, he wrote an award-winning story on how incorrect launch codes had been inserted into nuclear-tipped Minuteman III ICBMs, meaning that, unbeknownst to anyone, they could not have been launched, if needed, for an entire year.
He was a general assignment reporter on the Metro and National desks in 1985 and 1986, where he wrote extensively on the beginnings of the AIDS crisis.
Mr. Strobel has lectured at the National Defense University, U.S. Army War College, Quantico Marine Base, Fort Bragg, the U.S. Naval Academy, Harvard University, George Washington University, American University and elsewhere. He is frequently a guest on C-SPAN, and has appeared on CNN-FN and NET.
In July 1998, he served as a member of a joint International Republican Institute-National Democratic Institute team observing the elections in Cambodia.
Mr. Strobel received a Bachelor of Journalism degree from the University of Missouri-Columbia in December 1984. He was editor-in-chief of the student newspapers both at Missouri and at St. Mary's College of Maryland, which he attended from 1980-82.
The son of a U.S. naval officer, Mr. Strobel was born in Japan and lived in Okinawa, the Philippines and England. He and his wife, Theresa Gravatt Strobel, live in Annapolis, Maryland, with their two sons, Mitchell, 12, and Adam, 8.
Stephen J. Wayne is a Professor of Government at Georgetown University. He joined the Georgetown faculty in 1988. An expert on the American Presidency, he has authored 9 books and over 100 articles, chapters, and reviews. His most recent books include The Road to the White House 2000; Presidential Leadership (with George Edwards), 5th ed.; and The Politics of American Government, 3rd ed. -- all published by St. Martin's Press. Dr. Wayne has just completed a new book entitled, Is This Any Way to Run A Democratic Election? It is scheduled to be published by Houghton Mifflin in the spring of 2000.
In addition to his own writings, he serves as political science advisory editor for McGraw Hill and edits a series of books on American political institutions and public policy for M.E. Sharpe. Dr. Wayne is a popular lecturer who regularly speaks to federal and corporate executives, military officers, international visitors, and college and high school students on politics, government, and public policy.
He has testified before Congress on elections and governance, advised executives in the U.S. and abroad on presidential staffing, served as a consultant for television documentaries on the presidency, and directed a presidential transition project for the National Academy of Public Administration.