1998       Standard              
Rank Country         CPI     Deviation Used    Surveys

 1   Denmark         10.0         0.7             9
 2   Finland          9.6         O.5             9
 3   Sweden           9.5         0.5             9
 4   New Zealand      9.4         0.7             8
 5   Iceland          9.3         0.9             6
 6   Canada           9.2         0.5             9
 7   Singapore        9.1         1.0            10
 8   Netherlands      9.0         0.7             9
     Norway           9.0         0.7             9
10   Switzerland      8.9         0.6            10
11   Australia        8.7         0.7             8
     Luxemburg        8.7         0.9             7
     United Kingdom   8.7         0.5            10
14   Ireland          8.2         1.4            10
15   Germany          7.9         0.4            10
16   Hong Kong        7.8         1.1            12
17   Austria          7.5         0.8             9
     United States    7.5         0.9             8
19   Israel           7.1         1.4             9
20   Chile            6.8         0.9             9
21   France           6.7         0.6             9
22   Portugal         6.5         1.0            10
23   Botswana         6.1         2.2             3
     Spain            6.1         1.3            10
25   Japan            5.8         1.6            11
26   Estonia          5.7         0.5             3
27   Costa Rica       5.6         1.6             5
28   Belgium          5.4         1.4             9
29   Malaysia         5.3         0.4            11
     Namibia          5.3         1.0             3
     Taiwan           5.3         0.7            11
32   South Africa     5.2         0.8            10
33   Hungary          5.0         1.2             9
     Mauritius        5.0         0.8             3
     Tunisia          5.0         2.1             3
36   Greece           4.9         1.7             9
37   Czech Republic   4.8         0.8             9
38   Jordan           4.7         1.1             6
39   Italy            4.6         0.8            10
     Poland           4.6         1.6             8
41   Peru             4.5         0.8             6
42   Uruguay          4.3         0.9             3
43   South Korea      4.2         1.2            12
     Zimbabwe         4.2         2.2             6
45   Malawi           4.1         0.6             4
46   Brazil           4.0         0.4             9
47   Belarus          3.9         1.9             3
     Slovak Republic  3.9         1.6             5
49   Jamaica          3.8         0.4             3
50   Morocco          3.7         1.8             3
51   El Salvador      3.6         2.3             3
52   China            3.5         0.7            10
     Zambia           3.5         1.6             4
54   Turkey           3.4         1.0            10
55   Ghana            3.3         1.0             4
     Mexico           3.3         0.6             9
     Philippines      3.3         1.1            10
     Senegal          3.3         0.8             3
59   Ivory Coast      3.1         1.7             4
     Guatemala        3.1         2.5             3
61   Argentina        3.0         0.6             9
     Nicaragua        3.0         2.5             3
     Romania          3.0         1.5             3
     Thailand         3.0         0.7            11
     Yugoslavia       3.0         1.5             3
66   Bulgaria         2.9         2.3             4
     Egypt            2.9         0.6             3
     India            2.9         0.6            12
69   Bolivia          2.8         1.2             4
     Ukraine          2.8         1.6             6
71   Latvia           2.7         1.9             3
     Pakistan         2.7         1.4             3
73   Uganda           2.6         0.8             4
74   Kenya            2.5         0.6             4
     Vietnam          2.5         0.5             6
76   Russia           2.4         0.9            10
77   Ecuador          2.3         1.5             3
     Venezuela        2.3         0.8             9
79   Colombia         2.2         0.8             9
80   Indonesia        2.0         0.9            10
81   Nigeria          1.9         0.5             5
     Tanzania         1.9         1.1             4
83   Honduras         1.7         0.5             3
84   Paraguay         1.5         0.5             3
85   Cameroon         1.4         0.5             4

Notes: The "1998 CPI Score" relates to perceptions of the degree of corruption as seen by business people, risk analysts, and the general public and ranges between 10 (highly clean) and 0 (highly corrupt). "Standard Deviation" indicates differences in the values of the sources; the greater the standard deviation, the greater the differences of perceptions of a country among the sources. "Surveys Used" indicates the number of surveys involved in assessing a country's performance. Twelve surveys were used; a country had to be named on at least three of them to be included in the 1998 CPI.

Source: Transparency International, September 22, 1998.