The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) is a global business organization with 63 national committees and over 7,000 member companies and associations from more than 130 countries. The ICC seeks to promote international trade and investment, as well as rules of conduct of business across borders. The Rules of Conduct to Combat Extortion and Bribery was adopted by the ICC in 1996.

These rules of conduct are intended as a method of self-regulation by international business, and they should also be supported by governments. Their voluntary acceptance by business enterprises will not only promote high standards of integrity in business transactions, whether between enterprises and public bodies or between enterprises themselves, but will also form a valuable defensive protection to those enterprises which are subjected to attempts at extortion.

These rules of conduct are of a general nature constituting what is considered good commercial practice in the matters to which they relate but are without direct legal effect. They do not derogate from applicable local laws, and since national legal systems are by no means uniform, they must be read mutatis mutandis subject to such systems.

The business community objects to all forms of extortion and bribery. It is recognized, however, that under current conditions in some parts of the world, an effective program against extortion and bribery may have to be implemented in stages. The highest priority should be directed to ending large-scale extortion and bribery involving politicians and senior officials. These represent the greatest threat to democratic institutions and cause the gravest economic distortions. Small payments to low-level officials to expedite routine approvals are not condoned. However, they represent a lesser problem. When extortion and bribery at the top levels is curbed, government leaders can be expected to take steps to clean up petty corruption.

BASIC PRINCIPLE

All enterprises should conform to the relevant laws and regulations of the countries in which they are established and in which they operate, and should observe both the letter and the spirit of these rules of conduct.

For the purposes of these rules of conduct, the term "enterprise" refers to any person or entity engaged in business, whether or not organized for profit, including any entity controlled by a state or a territorial subdivision thereof; it includes, where the context so indicates, a parent or a subsidiary.

BASIC RULES

Article 1: Extortion

No one may, directly or indirectly, demand or accept a bribe.

No enterprise may, directly or indirectly, offer or give a bribe, and any demands for such a bribe must be rejected.

Enterprises should not (1) kick back any portion of a contract payment to employees of the other contracting party, or (2) utilize other techniques, such as subcontracts, purchase orders, or consulting agreements, to channel payments to government officials, to employees of the other contracting party, to their relatives, or to business associates.

Enterprises should take measures reasonably within their power to ensure:

That any payment made to any agent represents no more than an appropriate remuneration for legitimate services rendered by such agent;

That no part of any such payment is passed on by the agent as a bribe or otherwise in contravention of these rules of conduct; and

That they maintain a record of the names and terms of employment of all agents who are retained by them in connection with transactions with public bodies or state enterprises. This record should be available for inspection by auditors and, upon specific request, by appropriate, duly-authorized governmental authorities under conditions of confidentiality.

All financial transactions must be properly and fairly recorded in appropriate books of account available for inspection by boards of directors, if applicable, or a corresponding body, as well as auditors.

There must be no "off the books" or secret accounts, nor may any documents be issued which do not properly and fairly record the transactions to which they relate.

Enterprises should take all necessary measures to establish independent systems of auditing in order to bring to light any transactions which contravene the present rules of conduct. Appropriate corrective action must then be taken.

Article 5: Responsibilities of Enterprises

The board of directors or other body with ultimate responsibility for the enterprise should:

Take reasonable steps, including the establishment and maintenance of proper systems of control aimed at preventing any payments being made by or on behalf of the enterprise which contravene these rules of conduct;

Periodically review compliance with these rules of conduct and establish procedures for obtaining appropriate reports for the purposes of such review; and

Take appropriate action against any director or employee contravening these rules of conduct.

Contributions to political parties or committees or to individual politicians may only be made in accordance with the applicable law, and all requirements for public disclosure of such contributions shall be fully complied with. All such contributions must be reported to senior corporate management.

Article 7: Company Codes

These rules of conduct being of a general nature, enterprises should, where appropriate, draw up their own codes consistent with the International Chamber of Commerce rules and apply them to the particular circumstances in which their business is carried out. Such codes may usefully include examples and should enjoin employees or agents who find themselves subjected to any form of extortion or bribery immediately to report the same to senior corporate management. Companies should develop clear policies, guidelines, and training programs for implementing and enforcing the provisions of their codes.

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Note: A related document, ICC Recommendations to Governments and International Organizations on Extortion and Bribery, may be obtained on the internet at: http://www.iccwbo.org/Commissions/Extortion_bribery/briberydoc.ht ml