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SAFEGUARDS.

Temporary and selective measures (such as increased tariffs, tariff
quotas or quantitative restrictions) explicitly designed to slow
imports in order to enable a particular industry to adjust to
heightened competition from foreign suppliers.  Safeguard actions are
known in the United States as "escape clause" actions, and authority
to take such actions is provided for in various U.S. laws. GATT
Article XIX -- entitled "Emergency Action on Imports of Particular
Products" -- recognizes a country's right to withdraw or modify
concessions granted earlier, or to impose new restrictions, if a
product is "being imported in such increased quantities...as to cause
or threaten serious injury to domestic producers" and to maintain such
restrictions "for such time as may be necessary to prevent or remedy
such injury."   Exporters have a complementary right under GATT not to
be deprived arbitrarily of access to foreign markets.  Under the
Uruguay Round trade accord, GATT member countries strengthened
safeguard rules by clarifying existing guidelines and tightening
timetables.  The duration of a safeguard measure has been limited
(to a maximum of eight years), as has the degree of protection it
provides.  GATT members also agreed to prohibit "gray area
measure" (such as voluntary export restraints, orderly marketing
arrangements, and other informal trade-limiting agreements designed to
curtail fairly traded imports), and to phase out all such pre-existing
measures within four years of the July 1, 1995 entry into force of the
new World Trade Organization.  All countries do, however, receive one
exception that it can keep in place until January 1, 2000.  There
are certain exceptions for developing countries.  Safeguard measures
can only be applied against a product originating in a developing
country if the developing country's share of imports exceeds a certain
percentage of the total imports to a country and the combined import
share of developing countries is not more than a certain percentage of
total imports.  Also developing countries may apply a safeguard
measure for up to 10 years -- two years longer than that permitted to
industrial countries.  See also Adjustment; Codes of Conduct;
Competitive; Concession; Escape Clause;Framework Agreement; General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade; Market Access; Protectionism;
Quantitative Restrictions; Specials and Differential Treatment; Tokyo
Round; and Trade Act of 1974.


SALES TAX.

A tax levied on the exchange of goods and services at one or more
stages in the process of distribution.  See also Distribution; Indirect
Tax; and Value Added Tax.


SANCTIONS.

See Embargo.


SCHEDULE.

See Concession; Demand; Supply; and Tariff Schedules.


SCHEDULE OF CONCESSIONS.

See Bound Rates; Concession; and Tariff Schedules of the United
States.


SCHUMAN PLAN.

See European Coal and Steel Community.


SDRs.

See Special Drawing Rights.


SECTION 22 (OF THE AGRICULTURAL ADJUSTMENT ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED).

Authorizes the U.S. president to impose quantitative restrictions on
imports of agricultural products when such imports appear likely to
affect price support programs operated by the U.S. Department of
Agriculture.  The president has imposed such quotas on imports of wheat
and flour, cotton, lint, peanuts, cheese, butter and other dairy
products.  In 1956 the Contracting Parties of GATT authorized a
waiver of Article XI prohibitions against quantitative restrictions
for U.S. actions under Section 22.  Since that time, the United
States has submitted an annual report to the Contracting Parties on
all relevant actions and the reasons for them.  See also Public Law 480;
Quantitative Restrictions; and Waiver.


SECTION 201 OF THE TRADE ACT OF 1974.

Section 201 is the United States' implementation of Article XIX, the
"escape clause," of the GATT  Under Section 201, the U.S.
International Trade Commission (USITC) investigates whether an article
is being imported into the United States in such increased quantities,
absolute or relative to domestic production,as to be a substantial
cause of serious injury, or threat thereof, to a domestic industry.
The president has discretion to follow the USITC's recommendation on
relief, which cannot exceed a total period of eight years, including
extensions.  Relief normally takes the form of increased duties or
quantitative restrictions.  See also Escape Clause; Safeguards;
and Trade Act of 1974.


SECTION 203 (OF THE TRADE ACT OF 1974).

See Escape Clause; and Trade Act of 1974.


SECTION 232 INVESTIGATIONS.

Under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, as amended, the
U.S. Department of Commerce's Bureau of Export Administration conducts
investigations of the effect of imports on U.S. national security.
Investigations may be initiated based on a request of an interested
party, or may be self-initiated by the Commerce Department.  Among
the most important criteria considered are:

*requirements of the defense and essential civilian sectors;

*maximum domestic production capacity;

*quantity, quality and availability of imports;

*impact of foreign competition on the economic welfare of the essential
domestic industry;

*other factors relevant to the unique circumstances of the specific
case.

The secretary of commerce has 270 days to present his/her findings and
recommendations to the president.  During this time, the Commerce
Department may provide the public with an opportunity to comment and
present information and advice relevant to the application, if
appropriate.  Upon receipt of the Commerce Department report, the
president has 90 days to determine whether he agrees with the Commerce
Department's findings,and to determine whether to use his/her
statutory authority to "adjust imports" to remove any identified
national security threat. Commerce has had authority for conducting
Section 232 investigations since 1980.  See also Codes of Conduct;
Non-Tariff Barriers; Non-Tariff Measures; Quantitative Restrictions;
and Trade Expansion Act of 1962.


SECTION 301.

Section 301 is the provision of the Trade Act of 1974, as amended,
which gives the U.S. trade representative the authority to negotiate
to eliminate a large range of foreign trade practices.  The authority
to take such action requires a finding that a foreign government has
denied U.S. rights under a trade agreement, or has taken action that
is inconsistent with, or otherwise denies benefits to the United
States under a trade agreement; or engaged in an act, policy or
practice that is unjustifiable, unreasonable or discriminatory and
that burdens or restricts U.S. commerce.  See also Concession;
Export Subsidies; Special 301; Super 301; Trade Act of 1974; and Unfair
Trade Practices.


SECTION 332 OF THE TARIFF ACT OF 1930.

Section 332 of the Tariff Act of 1930 provides the basic statutory
authority for the U.S. International Trade Commission to conduct
general fact-finding investigations and issue reports on any matter
relating to trade.  Such reports do not contain recommendations unless
they have been specifically requested, and do not provide a legal
basis for other trade actions by the president.  Investigations
conducted by the USITC under section 332 are instituted in response to
a request from the Committee on Ways and Means of the U.S. House of
Representatives, the Committee on Finance of the U.S. Senate, either
branch of the Congress, the president, the U.S. trade representative
under authority delegated by the president, or upon the Commission's
own motion.  See also Tariff Act of 1930.


SECTION 337.

Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930 protects U.S. industries from
imports which infringe valid patents, copyrights, trademarks and other
intellectual property rights.  Parties can obtain relief in the form
of cease and desist and exclusion orders if they succeed in showing
they are a "domestic industry" under the statute and that their
intellectual property right is valid and infringed.  Economic injury
does not need to be demonstrated regarding patents and federally
registered trademarks, copyrights and semiconductor mask works. For
other forms of intellectual property, economic injury must be
demonstrated.  The president may approve, disapprove or fail to
disapprove any U.S. International Trade Commission (USITC) order
within a 60-day review period.  The president may disapprove a USITC
exclusion order for policy reasons, which include the effect of the
order on the public health and welfare, competitive conditions in the
U.S. economy, the production of like or directly competitive items in
the United States, the effect of the order on U.S. consumers and the
impact of an order on foreign relations.  See also Copyright;
Intellectual Property; Patents; Tariff Act of 1930; Trademark; and
Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property.


SECTION 406.

Refers to Section 406 of the Trade Act of 1974 which was established
to provide a remedy against market disruption caused by imports into
the United States from communist countries.  The provisions of
Section 406, as amended by the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act
of 1988, are similar to those under Sections 201-203 of the Trade Act
of 1974.  However, Section 406 provides a lower standard of injury
causation and, unlike Section 201,the investigation can be brought
against imports from a specific country rather than all imports of a
specific product.

Section 406 requires the U.S. International Trade Commission (USITC)
to investigate complaints filed by domestic industries or workers
claiming that imports from a communist country are causing market
disruption with respect to a domestically produced article.  If the
USITC finds that market disruption exists, it must recommend to the
president relief in the form of temporary import restrictions in the
form of tariffs, quotas, or tariff quotas to prevent or remedy such
market disruption.  See also Import Relief; Protectionism;
Safeguards; Trade Act of 1974; and U.S. International Trade
Commission.


SECURITY.

A document giving title to property as collateral for a bank loan.
Also saleable income yielding paper traded in a stock exchange, such
as stocks and shares.  See also Broker; Capital Market; Commercial
Paper; Loan; Property; and Spot Market.


SECURITY CAPITAL.

See Risk.


SELECTIVE QUOTAS.

See Quantitative Restrictions; and Safeguards.


SELF-INITIATION.

The Office of the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) may self-initiate a
section 301 investigation or may do so in response to a petition from
an interested person.   The USTR retains discretion whether or not to
initiate an investigation.  See also Section 301.


SEMICONDUCTOR ARRANGEMENT.

The U.S.-Japan Semiconductor Arrangement, which came into effect
August 1, 1991, contains provisions to improve access to the Japanese
market for foreign capital-affiliated semiconductor producers.  It
also provides for the expeditious processing by the U.S. government of
anti-dumping complaints filed by domestic semiconductor producers.  The
arrangement, which replaced the 1986 Semiconductor Arrangement, is in
force for five years.  See also Bilateral Trade Agreement; Binding
Concession; and Trade Agreement.


SEMI-PROCESSED PRODUCT.

See Primary Commodity; and Tariff Escalation.


SENSITIVE PRODUCTS.

Domestically produced goods considered economically and politically
important in a country whose competitive position would be threatened
if protection against the imports of similar goods were reduced.  The
steel and textiles industries in many developed countries, for
example, employ large numbers of workers, often in communities that
cannot in the short term offer alternative employment.  For these
reasons, there has been strong opposition to the reduction of tariff
and other trade-restricting measures affecting sensitive products.
See also Adjustment; Competitive; Escape Clause; Generalized System of
Preferences; Liberalization; Linear Reduction of Tariffs; Orderly
Marketing Agreements; Protection; and Textiles.


SERVICES.

Economic activities -- such as transportation, banking, insurance,
tourism, telecommunications, advertising,the entertainment industry,
data processing and consulting -- that are normally consumed as they
are produced,as contrasted with economic goods that are more tangible.
Service industries, which are usually labor intensive, have become
increasingly important in domestic and international trade since at
least the 1920s.  Services account for about two-thirds of the
economic activity of the United States, and a rapidly increasing
percentage of U.S. exports.  Traditional GATT rules have not
applied the same discipline to restrain the imposition of non-tariff
barriers to trade in services that has been applied to international
trade in goods.  The establishment, and incorporation into GATT, of
disciplines on trade in services was one of the major objectives of
the Uruguay Round.  The Uruguay Round agreement establishes a
framework to permit freer trade in over 140 sectors including
construction and tourism.  It sets some basic rules including national
treatment, transparency and recognition requirements for purposes of
permitting foreign nationals to be professionally licensed or
certified in another market.  Negotiations aimed at agreement in some
sectors including financial services and maritime services are
continuing in 1996.  See also GATT Ministerial Meeting of 1982; Goods;
Insurance; Invisible Trade; Price; Structural Change; Structural
Impediments Initiative; Uruguay Round; and Utility.


SINGLE-COLUMN TARIFF.

A tariff schedule listing only one duty rate for each imported
product.  The United States maintained a single-column tariff
schedule until 1909, when special preferences were instituted for
products imported from Cuba and the Philippines. See also Column 1
Rates; Column 2 Rates; Preferences; Tariff; and Tariff Schedules of
the United States.


SMOOT-HAWLEY TARIFF ACT OF 1930.

See Tariff Act of 1930.


SNAPBACK.

Snapback is a return to earlier and usually higher tariff levels.  See
also Tariff; and Tariff Schedules.


SNPA.

See Substantial New Program of Action.


SOCIAL OVERHEAD CAPITAL.

See Infrastructure.


SOCIAL SECURITY CHARGES.

See Direct Tax.


SOCIALIST ECONOMIES.

See State Trading Nations.


SOFT LOAN.

A credit providing for significantly easier repayment terms than
credits that are normally obtainable from commercial banks. A soft
loan frequently involves a grace period of several years and only a
small servicing charge.  See also Credit; Interest; International
Development Association; Least Developed Countries; Loan; and Official
Development Assistance.


SOUTH.

See Developing Countries.


SOUTH-SOUTH TRADE.

Trade between developing countries.  See also Developing Countries;
Economic Cooperation Among Developing Countries; and Global System of
Trade Preferences.


SPECIAL 301.

Since May 1989 the U.S. trade representative (USTR) has implemented
the so-called "special 301" intellectual property provision of the
Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988.  The special 301
authority is designed to formulate an overall strategy on intellectual
property and market access, and to enhance the administration's
ability to negotiate improvements in foreign intellectual property
regimes through bilateral and/or multilateral initiatives.

The statute requires the USTR to identify, on an annual basis, those
foreign countries which deny adequate and effective protection of
intellectual property rights or fair and equitable market access for
Americans relying on intellectual property protection.  Of those
trading partners not making significant progress or entering into good
faith negotiations, the countries that represent the most egregious
cases may be identified as "priority foreign countries."  Priority
foreign countries are subject to investigation under section 301
conducted on an accelerated time frame.  See also Concession;
Intellectual Property; Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988;
Section 301; and Trade Act of 1988.


SPECIAL AND DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT (S&D).

The concept that exports of developing countries should be given
preferential access to markets of developed countries, and that
developing countries participating in trade negotiations need not
fully reciprocate concessions they receive.  This principle was first
widely discussed during the Kennedy Round, leading to the adoption of
Part IV of GATT, which obligated the developed countries to pursue
trade policies that take into account the development needs of
developing countries.  The Tokyo Declaration subsequently proclaimed
that exports of developing countries should receive particular
benefits consistent with their trade, financial and development needs.
Among proposals considered during the Tokyo Round negotiations for
accomplishing this were: compensatory tariff reductions for exports of
developing countries to offset any reductions in their margins of
preference that might result from Tokyo Round tariff cuts; advance
implementation of Tokyo Round tariff cuts affecting developing country
exports; substantial reduction of elimination of tariff escalation;
special provisions for developing country exports in any new codes of
conduct covering non-tariff barriers; assurance that any new
multilateral safeguard system would contain special provisions for
developing country exports; and the principle that developed countries
would expect less than full reciprocity for trade concessions granted
to developing countries.  The Framework Agreement concluded at the end
of the Tokyo Round provides a legal basis for special and differential
treatment in favor of exports from developing countries, and some of
the codes of conduct negotiated in the Tokyo Round provided for such
treatment.  Under the Uruguay Round agreement, developing countries
are given much longer than developed countries for phasing in trade
liberalization measures in several areas including agriculture,
intellectual property and investment.  The Uruguay Round also
strengthened pre-existing GATT rules regarding dumping and
subsidization, and developing countries were given a longer timetable
for coming into compliance with these rules.  See also  Codes of
Conduct; Concession; Framework Agreement; General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade; Generalized System of Preferences; Margin of Preferences;
Market Access; North-South Trade; Preferences; Reciprocity;
Safeguards; Tariff Escalation; Tokyo Declaration; Tokyo Round; and
Uruguay Round.


SPECIAL DRAWING RIGHTS (SDRs).

Created in 1969 by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as a
supplemental international monetary reserve asset, SDRs are available
to governments through the IMF and may be used in transactions between
the IMF and member governments. IMF member countries have agreed to
regard SDRs as complementary to gold and reserve currencies in
settling their international accounts.  The unit value of an SDR
reflects the foreign exchange value of a "basket" of currencies of
several major trading countries (the U.S. dollar, the German mark, the
French franc, the Japanese yen, and the British pound).  The SDR has
become the unit of account used by the IMF and several national
currencies are pegged to it.  Some commercial banks accept deposits
denominated in SDRs.  See also Currency; International Monetary Fund;
and Reserve Currency.


SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVE FOR TRADE NEGOTIATIONS (STR).

See United States Trade Representative.


SPECIFIC DUTY.

See Specific Tariff.


SPECIFIC LIMITATIONS ON TRADE.

Government measures that restrict imports or exports of a product
during a given period to an explicitly stated volume or value, usually
by requiring a "license" or other government authorization for each
export or import transaction.  See also Boycott; Embargo; Exchange
Controls; Export Quotas; Licensing; Non-Tariff Barriers; Quantitative
Restrictions; and Tariff Quota.


SPECIFIC TARIFF.

A customs duty assessed as a stated monetary amount per unit of
physical quantity, as so many cents a pound, bushel or yard,
regardless of the value of the imported item.  See also Ad Valorem
Tariff; and Tariff.


SPECULATIVE RISK.

See Risk.


SPOT MARKET.

A market in which goods or securities are traded for immediate
delivery.  The spot price is therefore the price for immediate
delivery.  See also Forward Market; Market; Price; and Security.


STABEX.

See Lome Convention.


STANDARDS.

Technical specifications that lay down characteristics of a product
such as size, quality, performance or safety.  Standards may also
cover terminology, testing methods, packaging, labeling or marking
requirements.The Tokyo Round Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade
-- usually known as the "Standards Code" -- seeks to ensure that
national standards are not used to impede trade.  See also Codes of
Conduct; Non-Tariff Barriers; Packaging, Labeling and Marking
Regulations; Quarantine, Sanitary and Health Laws and Regulations; and
Trade Agreements Act of 1979.


STANDARDS CODE.

See Standards.


STATE TRADING COMPANIES.

Government-owned or government-controlled enterprises that export
and/or import goods and services.State trading companies exist in
countries with "mixed economies" -- in which privately owned
enterprises also play an important economic role -- as well as in
socialist countries.    See also Public Sector; State Trading
Nations;and Unfair Trade Practices.


STEEL.

See Sensitive Products; and Trigger Price Mechanism.


STEEL VOLUNTARY RESTRAINT ARRANGEMENTS (VRAs).

Formal agreements between the United States and the governments of 16
countries plus the EC.  Although the structure of the arrangements
varies, exports to the United States of both carbon and specialty
steel products were restricted either to a specified quota or to a
percentage of U.S. import penetration, based on quarterly estimates of
U.S. domestic consumption.  The VRA program was initiated for five
years beginning October 1, 1984,and was subsequently extended in
September 1989 for two-and-one-half more years.  The last VRA program
terminated March 31, 1992.  See also Export Quotas; Export
Restraints; General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade; International
Commodity Agreement; Multilateral Agreement; Orderly Marketing
Agreements; and Sensitive Products.


STOCKBROKER.

See Broker.


STOCKHOLM CONVENTION.

See European Free Trade Association.


STOCKPILES.

See Buffer Stocks; and Strategic Stockpiles.


STR.

See United States Trade Representative.


STRATEGIC STOCKPILES.

Accumulated stocks of raw materials or other commodities deemed
essential to national defense and maintained so that the country's
actual or potential supply of the goods stocked will not fall below
the quantity likely to be required for a given period of national
emergency.  The U.S. Strategic and Critical Stockpiling Act of 1946
authorizes the U.S. General Services Administration to maintain
strategic stockpiles, and to expand or reduce them, according to
changing estimates of defense needs, while making every effort to
phase purchases or sales so as to have minimum effects on world
prices.  Buffer stocks, in contrast with strategic stockpiles, are
intended to stabilize prices and thus protect exporters against
economic losses they would face when prices decline precipitously.
See also Buffer Stocks; and Commodity.


STRUCTURAL CHANGE.

Secular trends in the principal elements of an economic system,
including its patterns of production, consumption, trade and relative
prices. Structural change can take place within national economies and
is reflected in the ever wider and deeper linkages among them and the
consequent increasing interdependence of the world economy. Expansion
in the economy as a whole and temporary, cyclical shifts of its
components, are not considered structural changes.  Since the
Industrial Revolution, structural change within most national
economies has resulted principally from developments in comparative
advantage associated with technological advance, improved
infrastructure and changing consumer preference, factors that have
characteristically reflected movement from subsistence to commercial
agriculture, reduction in the percentage of the labor force engaged in
agriculture,and increases in the relative significance of
manufacturing (and, at a later stage, a further development toward
service industries), changes in the relative economic importance of
various industries, the rise and decline of specific economic
activities in different countries and regions, and evolution in the
composition of exports and imports.  See also Adjustment;
Comparative Advantage; Competitive; Economic Development; Industrial
Revolution; Infrastructure; Progress; Secular Trend; Services;
Technology; Trade Diversion; Transfer of Technology; and Welfare.


STRUCTURAL IMPEDIMENTS INITIATIVE (SII).

U.S.-Japan bilateral talks aimed at identifying and removing internal
impediments that inhibit external account adjustment and market
access.  See also Bilateral Agreement; Market; Market Access; Market
Forces; and Restrictive Business Practices.


SUBSIDIARY.

A company controlled by another company, usually through ownership of
50 to 100 percent of its shares or through other organizational or
managerial arrangement.  See also Multinational Corporation;
Restrictive Business Practices; and Unfair Trade Practices.


SUBSIDIES CODE.

See Countervailing Duties; and Export Subsidies.


SUBSIDY.

An economic benefit granted by a government to producers of goods,
often to strengthen their competitive position.  The subsidy may be
direct (a cash grant) or indirect (low-interest export credits
guaranteed by a government agency, for example).  Under the
Uruguay Round accord, countries agreed to make trading rules
concerning subsides more predictable by defining three classes of
subsidies: prohibited, actionable and non-actionable.  A country
can retaliate against a subsidy that is prohibited; it can retaliate
against a subsidy that is actionable if it can show injury to a
domestic industry or harm to the benefits of a trade agreement.A
country cannot retaliate against a non-actionable subsidy.  See
Competitive; Export Subsidies; Industrial Policy; Infant Industry
Argument; International Arrangement on Export Credits; and Non-Tariff
Barriers.


SUBSTANTIAL NEW PROGRAM OF ACTION (SNPA).

A comprehensive statement of economic measures to be taken by the
international community to enhance the outlook for economic
development in the least developed countries, as agreed at an
international conference held in Paris in August 1981.  See also Least
Developed Countries.


SUPER 301.

Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974, as added by section 1302 of the
Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, required the USTR in
1989 and 1990 to identify trade liberalization priorities and to
initiate Section 301 investigations with respect to such priority
practices in all countries where these liberalization priorities have
not been met.  This particular aspect of U.S. trade law expired in
1991.

On March 3, 1994, President Clinton signed an executive order
reinstituting the Super 301 trade law provision.  Under this
executive order, the U.S. trade representative will identify in 1994
and 1995 those "priority foreign country practices," the elimination
of which have the greatest potential for the expansion of U.S.
exports.After identification, the priority foreign country practices
will become the subject of investigations under Section 301.  The
first step of that process is consultations with the foreign
government in an effort to reach agreement on the elimination of the
practices in question, or in appropriate cases, compensation for the
damage done by the practices.  If no agreement is reached, the
investigation will continue.  Where the foreign practices at issue
constitute violations of trade agreements, such as the GATT, or the
new WTO, the United States will take those practices to the dispute
resolution process created in those agreements.  At the end of
the investigation, the trade representative will have to determine if
the practices are actionable under Section 301 and, if so, what action
should be taken in response to them.  See also Liberalization;
Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988; Section 301; Trade Act
of 1974; and Uruguay Round.


SUPPLY.

The quantity of an economic good that sellers will make available at a
given price at a certain time in a specific market.  A supply schedule
indicates the quantity of an economic good that might enter the market
at all possible prices at a particular time.  Supply in a market
economy is principally determined by the response of many individual
entrepreneurs and firms to their perceptions of opportunities for
earning profits.  See also Demand; Entrepreneur; Goods; Market; Market
Economy; Microeconomics; Price Elasticity of Supply; Private Sector;
and Profit.


SUPPLY ACCESS.

Assurance that importing countries will have fair and equitable access
at reasonable prices to supplies of raw materials and other essential
imports.  Such assurance might include explicit constraints against
the use of the export embargo as an instrument of foreign policy.
Requests for such assurance reflect the desire of countries to have a
consistent supply of important raw materials at stable prices.  See
also Embargo; Market; and Supply.


SUPPLY SCHEDULE.

See Supply.


SURPLUS.

The amount of a commodity that cannot be absorbed in a given market at
the existing price.  See also Market;and Public Law 480.


SUSPENSION OF LIQUIDATION:

In the United States, the preliminary determination in an anti-dumping
investigation (or final determination after a negative preliminary
determination), if affirmative, shall provide for the suspension of
liquidation of all entries of covered merchandise which are entered,
or withdrawn from warehouse, for consumption on or after the date of
publication of the notice in the Federal Register.  Each district
director of customs is directed to require a cash deposit, or the
posting of a bond or other security, for each entry concerned equal to
the amount by which the foreign market value exceeds the U.S. price.
See also Anti-Dumping Code; Dumping; Foreign Market Value;
Liquidation; and United States Price.